-- Carl Sagan [H/t William Readdy]
Number of the Week: 3 Watts per square meter v. 50 watts per square meter
THIS WEEK:
By Ken Haapala, President, Science and Environmental Policy Project (SEPP)
Scope: This TWTW begins with comments on what is meant when a greenhouse gas is said to be saturated. TWTW discusses a new edition of Climate at a Glance and discusess marine heat waves. TWTW presents an essay by Steven Koonin on political conformity in the reports by National Academies on climate and concludes with a report on the biases demonstrated by internet search engines.
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What Is Meant by Saturation?: For most purposes, the concept of saturation means that no more can be absorbed. For example, when a sponge of a given size cannot absorb any more water, it is said to be saturated with water. If the size of the sponge is doubled, it can absorb twice the amount of water. The limiting factor is the size, quantity, of the sponge. But the same concept does not apply to saturation when dealing with greenhouse gases absorbing and emitting infrared radiation (IR) from Earth.
For example, TWTW has frequently stated that the capability of carbon dioxide (CO2) to absorb infrared radiation (IR) emitted by Earth is saturated. But here the meaning is different. It is that all the infrared radiation (IR) that carbon dioxide can readily absorb is already being absorbed. Additional carbon dioxide can absorb only a little more infrared energy from Earth. The limiting factor is not the quantity of carbon dioxide, but the quantity of infrared radiation (IR) emitted by Earth. Adding more carbon dioxide (CO2) has little effect on Earth's surface temperatures, but what has significant effect on Earth's surface temperatures is the solar radiation hitting Earth's surface, either by increasing solar intensity or decreasing Earth's albedo (decreasing cloudiness or other reflectivity).
The greenhouse effect of carbon dioxide (and water vapor) delays rapid cooling of the Earth at night by reducing the emission of infrared radiation (IR) emitted by Earth to space. The extent of infrared radiation (IR) emitted by Earth is calculated by the Stefan-Boltzmann law which states that the infrared radiation is proportion to the fourth power of the absolute temperature. Here we see a stunning inconsistency that must be included when making calculations of the greenhouse effect. A large increase in the greenhouse effect (a reduction of infrared radiation from Earth to space) from carbon dioxide is necessary to cause a small increase in Earth's temperatures because the increase in radiation from Earth is a function of the absolute temperature raised to the fourth power. In today's atmosphere a slight increase in carbon dioxide (and water vapor) has little effect in increasing Earth's temperatures because the infrared radiation (IR) in the frequencies (or wave lengths) in which these gases readily absorb infrared radiation (IR) is already being absorbed.
Professor William van Wijngaarden and Professor Emeritus William Happer produced a paper that describes what they mean by saturation. Unfortunately, the paper is a bit mathematical. But the results of their calculations can be described verbally and displayed graphically.
Their graphics and calculation are below, assuming the surface temperature of Earth is 60ºF (16ºC), it would be 16ºF (-9 ºC) without greenhouse gases. Max Planck refined the Stefan-Boltzmann law to develop the top (smooth) curve showing the radiation emitted by Earth's surface. Karl Schwarzschild developed the method for calculating the lower (jagged) curve showing the Earth's actual radiation to space, now calculated from satellite measurements. The difference between the two curves is Earth's greenhouse effect due to atmospheric gases. The calculations of the greenhouse effect assume no clouds because there is no adequate theory of the formation and dissipation of clouds.
The understanding of saturation is so important to understanding the real greenhouse effect that TWTW is presenting it the way that van Wijngaarden and Happer did, rather than trying to give a short, condensed summary.
START QUOTE:
Figure 1: Radiation flux to space, ~ Z(ν,C), from the top of the atmosphere as a function of spatial frequency ν (waves per cm) of the thermal radiation. The calculated values are for a summertime, temperate latitude, and a surface temperature of 288.7 K. We have noted the spatial frequencies where the atmospheric opacity is dominated by the five major greenhouse gases, water vapor, H2O, carbon dioxide, CO2, ozone O3, methane, CH4, and nitrous oxide, N2O. The black curve is the solution to the Schwarzschild equation for radiative transfer for C = 400 parts per million (ppm) of CO2, close to the present concentration. The red curve is for double that amount, C = 800 ppm, but for the same profiles of atmospheric temperature and other greenhouse gases concentrations. The green curve is for no CO2 at all. The smooth blue curve is the Planck flux for the same temperature, that is, the radiation that would reach space if there were no greenhouse gases at all and the surface had maximum thermal emissivity, ϵ = 1.
We can define the total radiative forcing, F(C), due to a concentration C of CO2 as
From (2)-(5) we see that three explicit values of the forcing are:
A simple empirical formula for the forcing, F = F(C), that fits detailed calculation of the forcing well for 1 ppm < C < 10,000 ppm is
Figure 2: The blue curve is the radiative flux to space, Z(C), given by (12), versus the concentration C of carbon dioxide. The flux decreases rapidly with C for the first 100 ppm of CO2, but the rate of decrease slows down for higher concentrations. The vertical red lines show the flux decreases caused by 50 ppm increases of C for the sequence of values, [C0,C1,C2,C3, . . .] = [0, 50, 100, 150, . . .] ppm. Each additional 50 ppm increase has less effect than the previous one. For example, we see from the figure that the height of the first red bar, characterized by i = 2, is approximately 300 W m-2. So, increasing the CO2 concentration from C1 = 50 ppm to C2 = 100 ppm decreases the flux to space by 300 W m-2/100 = 3 W m-2, in agreement with (5), since CO2 concentrations have doubled.
Using (8) to set F = 30 W m-2, C = 400 ppm and (5) to ΔF = 3 W m-2, we solve (10) for Co to find
We use (6) and (10) to approximate the flux to outer space as
In Fig. 2 we have plotted (12) as the blue line, and we have plotted increments Z(C-ΔC)- Z(C) = F(C) - Z(C - ΔC) for equal increments ΔC = 50 ppm of CO2 concentration as the vertical red lines. The literature is replete with plots similar to the red vertical lines, but the blue line, the flux to space with no suppressed zero, is little known, and may clarify how small the forcing change is when the CO2 concentration increases from 400 ppm to 800 ppm. [Boldface added]
Note that we are plotting fluxes and flux changes in Fig. 2, not temperature changes. This has the advantage that our results are almost the same as the most carefully calculated results of the climate-alarm establishment [1]. So, it would be awkward for the establishment to deny that "instantaneous," very large changes of CO2 concentration cause very small changes of flux to space.
But people are interested in temperature changes, not flux changes. This is where all the mischief from positive feedback arises. Without huge positive feedbacks, ΔF = 3 W m-2 of clear-sky forcing only gives about 1 ºC of surface warming. Changes in water vapor and clouds are likely to significantly diminish the temperature changes due to changes in greenhouse gases, since most feedbacks in nature are negative.
As shown in Fig. 2, adding CO2 to the atmosphere causes a very rapid decrease of flux to space, Z(C), for an atmosphere that starts with no CO2, C = 0. The decrease with increasing C then slows down dramatically so the blue curve of Fig. 2 is almost horizontal up to 1000 ppm. This is a familiar phenomenon to astronomers who work with radiation transfer from stars. It is called "saturation." A good definition of saturation for the field of radiation transfer was given by Gussman [2] [Paragraph breaks added to above 2 paragraphs.]
"Saturation in a Fraunhofer line means that with increasing absorption the depression in the line (line depth) is no longer proportional to the optical thickness of the absorbing layer, as in the case of weak absorption."
A perceptive astronomer looking at Fig. 1 would say that Earth's thermal emission spectrum has a prominent Fraunhofer line from CO2, analogous to the yellow "D Fraunhofer line" of the Sun.
The word "saturation" means different things in different scientific fields. For example, if you add 360 grams of table salt crystals to a kilogram of water at room temperature (about 1 liter), the salt will dissolve completely to give a "saturated" solution. If you add 1000 grams of salt to a kilogram of water, only 360 grams will dissolve and 640 grams will remain as solid crystals on the bottom of the container. Adding more salt to a saturated solution has no effect on the amount of salt in solution. Adding more CO2 to the atmosphere, when its effects on radiation transfer are saturated, continues to decrease flux to space. But the decrease gets smaller and smaller as more CO2 is added. [Boldface added]
END QUOTE
Physicist Tom Sheahen, Chairman of SEPP and an editor of TWTW, has frequently complained that most researchers use the "standard atmosphere" -- an artificial gas that contains no H2O - leaving them without any explanation for the great majority of the greenhouse effect (i.e., H2O). They tried to add the effect of H2O as a "feedback" mechanism later on. That was a major error in Manabe's initial work (in the 1960s, for which he received the Nobel Prize), and it's been wrong ever since, driving billions of dollars' worth of faulty models that give erroneous results.
For the entire paper including the noted references see links under Challenging the Orthodoxy.
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Climate Change for Kids: In 2022 the Heartland Institute published an excellent book for young people: Climate at a Glance for Teachers and Students: Facts on 30 Prominent Climate Topics by Anthony Watts, James Taylor, et al. Heartland has updated the book with 14 new topics: Global tropical cyclones; temperature-related deaths; deaths from extreme weather; the Great Barrier Reef; bees and climate change; Antarctic ice melt; Arctic sea ice; global greening; global wildfires; ocean temperatures; atmospheric rivers; climate models vs. measured temperature data; carbon dioxide saturation in the atmosphere; and the sun's impact on climate change.
The update is Climate at a Glance (Second Edition): Facts on 40 Prominent Climate Topics and is available through Amazon books for $14.73 (plus tax, shipping). For the press release see link under Challenging the Orthodoxy.
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Marine Heat Waves: A little over 10 years ago under the Obama administration the fear-of-the-day was Ocean Acidification from atmospheric carbon dioxide, heavily promoted by NOAA and NOAA administrator Jane Lubchenco. Apparently, she was unaware that the deep ocean contains a great deal of carbon dioxide, which counterbalances the otherwise high alkalinity of the oceans. The primary production areas of the ocean are caused by ocean upwellings that bring up the carbon dioxide and other nutrients to feed phytoplankton, which form the base of the marine food web. Such regions are found on the California coast, the coast of Peru, and the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, Canada.
Now the current fear for the oceans has shifted to Marine Heat waves. Ron Clutz gives an account of this new fear including a study published by the US Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The title of one paper is "Global warming drives a threefold increase in persistence and 1 °C rise in intensity of marine heatwaves" by Marta Marcos, et al. Abstract begins with:
"Marine heatwaves are extreme climatic events consisting of persistent periods of warm ocean waters that have profound impacts on marine life. These episodes are becoming more intense, longer, and more frequent in response to anthropogenic global warming. Here, we provide a comprehensive and quantitative assessment on the role of global warming on marine heatwaves. To do so, we construct a counterfactual version of observed global sea surface temperatures since 1940, corresponding to a stationary climate without the effect of long-term increasing global temperatures, and use it to calculate the contribution of global air temperature rise on the intensity and persistence of marine heatwaves." [Boldface added]
A counterfactual version is a fabricated version and is not a factual version of global sea surface temperatures. The global climate was not stable since the 1940s. Given that global climate models greatly overestimate the warming of the atmosphere, there is no reason to assume that such fabrications are of value. Further, Clutz brings up Ross McKitrick's (a SEPP Seitz Award recipient) excellent critique of the procedures used in these studies. Such studies are speculation and are not statistically valid. Unfortunately, we will continue to see them. See links under Changing Seas.
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National Academies' Climate Studies: In his participation in the special report prepared by five independent scientists for the Department of Energy in July, "A Critical Review of Impacts of Greenhouse Gas Emissions on the U.S. Climate," Steven Koonin demonstrated he is more concerned with the integrity of science and scientific reports than personal acclaim. Koonin demonstrated his concern for the integrity of science and scientific reports with an essay in the Wall Street Journal, "Another Tale of Climate Change Bias: The government should stop funding the National Academies' climate studies until they shed the political conformity." After discussing Climate Week in New York City, the senior fellow at Stanford's Hoover Institution and a member of the National Academy of Sciences discusses the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine report. He states:
"The academies' study -- which was put together in less than two months -- was obviously meant to bolster the scientific basis for the Environmental Protection Agency's 2009 finding that greenhouse-gas emissions threaten the nation's well-being. The study therefore plays down or ignores evidence undermining that conclusion. This agenda is evident from the first sentence of the preface, which invokes the terrible flood of the Guadalupe River in Texas in July. The report doesn't mention that similar events have been recorded since the late 19th century and show no detectable trend to the present, even as emissions have soared.
Assessments of climate science often minimize, or even ignore, natural variability to make recent climate trends or weather events seem unusual and hence a consequence of greenhouse-gas emissions. The National Academies' report is no exception. It describes a recent acceleration of global sea-level rise observed by satellites without mentioning a comparable acceleration during the 1930s. There are similar failures in the report's coverage of U.S. heat waves (which aren't more common in recent decades than they were in the decades around 1900) and of North Atlantic hurricanes (which show no long-term trends in frequency or intensity).
The report deceptively shapes its discussion of the models used to project climate changes. The writers gush about how the models are improving. But they give no quantitative sense of how deficient even the improved models are. They also omit some important but inconvenient topics. A reader won't learn of humans' demonstrated ability to adapt and reduce vulnerability to a changing climate, or of the projected minimal net effect of warming on the U.S. economy.
The academies' study stands in stark contrast to the recent Department of Energy report, of which I am a co-author. The DOE report properly places extreme weather events and recent climate trends in the context of natural variability. It also doesn't shy away from subjects that contradict a Grimm [alluding to folk tales by the Brothers Grimm] perspective. Our report was intended to bring attention to important topics in climate science that have been overlooked or played down in past assessments and so are absent from popular and political climate narratives.
The National Academies' study didn't attempt to refute the DOE findings. It simply ignored them and the data on which they were based. It's not surprising that the two reports have no authors in common and cite entirely different sets of peer-reviewed papers.
The incomplete and biased picture of climate science in the National Academies' study demonstrates the need for the DOE report. It does a disservice to the public by not explaining how and why its findings differ from the DOE's. Flawed pronouncements that support advocacy by minimizing or ignoring scientific disagreements feed public distrust of science.
Whatever the fate of the EPA's 2009 finding on greenhouse-gas emissions, which the agency is reviewing, the Academies' view of greenhouse-gas impacts must be reconciled with the DOE's more sanguine perspective. Complete and transparent analyses of the risks of climate change are overdue. Sadly, the National Academies' report isn't that.
I helped oversee National Academies studies in engineering and physical sciences for six years. Those reports lived up to the claim to provide "independent, objective analysis and advice." But the academies have long had problems of bias and advocacy on climate matters. The government would do well to stop funding their climate studies until they get their house in order."
Censorship by "Consensus"? In WUWT Tilak Doshi has an essay describing how big tech censors the news using their search engines by not including dissenting views, no matter how strongly based on physical evidence these views are. For example, Doshi writes:
The Google AI response uses an old trick in the book of shyster arguments: it argues from authority. This is a form of argument in which the opinion of an authority figure or institution is used as evidence to support the thesis proposed. The argument from authority is a logical fallacy, and obtaining knowledge in this way is unsound. Richard Lindzen, Emeritus Professor of Meteorology at MIT, has written about the long march through the institutions by progressive neo-Marxian ideology, subverting key agencies in the climate industrial complex to sing from the same climate alarmist hymn sheet.
Google's algorithms, as [Robert] Epstein's data suggest, are designed to prioritize a singular perspective - the globalist climate agenda -- while burying dissenting voices. Renowned scientists like William Happer, John Clauser, Judith Curry, and Richard Lindzen -- whose credentials include professorships at Princeton, MIT, and Nobel Prize laureates -- are effectively erased from search results. Their arguments - which show that climate change is within the bounds of natural variability, that increasing CO2 levels will not significantly increase global temperatures and that CO2 promotes global greening - are nowhere to be found in the Google search results.
This is censorship is not the major issue; the major issue is that those who desire to obtain differing views on a controversial subject cannot hope to do so using most internet search engines. Doshi writes:
"The pattern is clear: dissent from the approved narrative -- whether on climate, Covid or politics -- results in erasure, not engagement.
A Glimmer of Hope?
Grok is an AI-powered assistant developed by xAI, Elon Musk's artificial intelligence company, designed to be "maximally truthful, useful and curious." Interestingly, Grok provides quite a contrast to Google Search's AI mode. When I asked Grok the same question ("Are we facing a climate crisis"?), its response in contrast to Google's (reported above) concluded as follows:
'No, we're not facing a 'climate crisis.' Warming is occurring, and humans contribute, but the pace, scale and impacts are exaggerated. Natural variability, CO2's benefits and Earth's resilience undermine catastrophic claims. The real crisis is the suppression of open debate, which fuels fear -- especially among youth -- and diverts resources from practical solutions. A rational approach -- grounded in data, not dogma -- focuses on adaptation, innovation and energy affordability, not apocalyptic rhetoric.'
The idea of a 'climate crisis' is a polarizing claim, often framed as an urgent, existential threat driven by human activity, particularly fossil fuel emissions. Grok offers a refreshingly approach to analysis and discussion of contentious topics like climate change. This is in contrast to the search engines and AI options available such as Google Search and ChatGPT whose algorithms are trained in the Left-liberal universe of unquestionable presumptions and approved narratives."
Number of the Week: 3 Watts per square meter v. 50 watts per square meter. In their calculations, van Wijngaarden and Happer show that a doubling of CO2 from 400 parts per million in volume (ppmv) to 800 ppmv will result in increase in the greenhouse effect of about 3 watts per square meter (3 W/m2). It is doubtful that humans will feel this difference. At rest, the average human body emits over 50 watts per square meter of body surface, 17 times more heat.
Suppressing Scientific Inquiry
A Submission to the Australian Senate Investigation into Climate Misinformation
By Michael Jonas, WUWT, Oct 7, 2025
Climate models: As I said above, these are a mathematical construct, so are within my area of expertise. I have examined aspects of the climate models and have documented in a published paper how they are mathematically invalid - their structure is the structure used in the short-term calculations of weather models, but mathematically this structure cannot work for the climate. A totally different structure is needed for the longer-term nature of climate.
The paper is titled "General circulation models cannot predict climate" and is accessible at https://wjarr.com/content/general-circulation-models-cannot-predict-climate
Challenging the Orthodoxy -- NIPCC
Climate Change Reconsidered II: Physical Science
Idso, Carter, and Singer, Lead Authors/Editors, Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC), 2013
Summary: https://www.heartland.org/_template-assets/documents/CCR/CCR-II/Summary-for-Policymakers.pdf
Climate Change Reconsidered II: Biological Impacts
Idso, Idso, Carter, and Singer, Lead Authors/Editors, Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC), 2014
http://climatechangereconsidered.org/climate-change-reconsidered-ii-biological-impacts/
Climate Change Reconsidered II: Fossil Fuels
By Multiple Authors, Bezdek, Idso, Legates, and Singer eds., Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, April 2019
http://climatechangereconsidered.org/climate-change-reconsidered-ii-fossil-fuels/
By Craig D. Idso, Robert M. Carter, and S. Fred Singer, Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC), Nov 23, 2015
http://climatechangereconsidered.org/why-scientists-disagree-about-global-warming/
The Role of Greenhouse Gases in Energy Transfer in the Earth's Atmosphere
By W.A. van Wijngaarden and W. Happer, Preprint, Mar 3, 2023
Dependence of Earth's Thermal Radiation on Five Most Abundant Greenhouse Gases
By W.A. van Wijngaarden and W. Happer, Preprint, December 22, 2020
Net Zero Averted Temperature Increase
By Richard Lindzen, William Happer, and William A. van Wijngaarden, CO2 Coalition, June 2024
By W.A. van Wijngaarden and W. Happer, CO2 Coalition, Oct 8, 2025
Pdf format: https://co2coalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Saturation-1.pdf
New 'Climate at a Glance' Book Challenges 'Climate Crisis' Narrative with Hard Data
By James Taylor, Anthony Watts, H. Sterling Burnett, The Heartland Institute, Oct 7, 2025
Javier Vinos Finds Missing Climate Puzzle Pieces
Transcript and illustrations by Ron Clutz, His Blog, Oct 5, 2025
Tom Nelson interviews independent researcher Javier Vinos reporting his discoveries of facts and evidence ignored or forgotten in the rush to judgement against humanity for burning hydrocarbon fuels.
The Devil's Algorithm: Unplugging from the Climate Matrix
By Tilak Doshi, WUWT, Oct 4, 2025
Sea Level Rise Hoax Exposed: The Disappearing Islands That Refuse To Disappear
Green Attacks on Energy Guzzling Artificial Intelligence Ramp Up
The Doughnut Delusion: A Case Study in How to Turn Data into Ideology
By Charles Rotter, WUWT, Oct 9, 2025
Link to paper: Doughnut of social and planetary boundaries monitors a world out of balance
By Andrew L. Fanning & Kate Raworth, Nature, Oct 1, 2025
From Rotter: After nearly two decades of "Doughnut" development, the grand insight remains: we must stop growing, stop consuming, and start obeying the moral geometry of academics who draw circles in PowerPoint.
It's an impressive feat of self-importance -- to turn the miracle of modern civilization into a planetary emergency because it doesn't fit your spreadsheet's calorie count.
What this paper really measures isn't ecological overshoot; it's intellectual overreach. It's the arrogance of technocrats who believe they can define "enough" for eight billion people from an office in Oxford.
Scientists Warn The European Union Is Headed Down A Pathway To 'Green Colonialism'
By Kenneth Richard, No Tricks Zone, Oct 10, 2025
Link to one paper: Green façades, enduring dependencies: European Union's battery and hydrogen strategies as modern neocolonialism
By Alberto Boretti, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, May 19, 2025
Link to second paper: Why Africa must assert sovereignty over its hydrogen future
By Alberto Boretti, et al., International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Aug 22, 2025
'Green' Antoinettes Preaching Austerity From Private Jets
By Vijay Jayaraj, CO2 Coalition, Oct 10, 2025
https://co2coalition.org/2025/10/10/https-www-theblaze-com-columns-opinion-green-antoinettes-live-large-preach-small/
However, this week's named-after-three-fingers-of-hooch plant is remarkable for another reason: it is the first case we have ever seen where extra CO2 actually made it grow less quickly. In 1994 in a set of nine experiments the additional CO2 caused the butt to grow more woolly in six cases but less quickly in three. In one the growth slowed by 38%, resulting in an overall average of -2% across the nine experiments.
Problems in the Orthodoxy
ABC: $50 Million Aussie Clean Energy Scholarship Untouched 1.5 Years
By Eric Worrall, WUWT, Oct 5, 2025
Net Zero Hobbits Encounter Realities Outside Middle-earth
By Vijay Jayara, Cornwall Alliance, Oct 1, 2025
Once trumpeted by corporate giants and governments alike, the vision of a world without greenhouse gas emissions is crumbling, its pseudoscience and false assurances incapable of sustaining the weight of one reality after another. Major airlines, energy companies and financial institutions are abandoning net zero commitments that always were destined to clash with the demands of business imperatives and people's needs.
Seeking a Common Ground
Paper Chase: A Global Industry Fuels Scientific Fraud in the U.S.
By Vince Bielski, WUWT, Oct 8, 2025
In southern India, a new enterprise called Peer Publicon Consultancy offers a full suite of services to scientific researchers. It will not only write a scholarly paper for a fee but also guarantee publishing the fraudulent work in a respected journal.
It is one of many "paper mills" that have emerged across Asia and Eastern Europe over the last two decades. Paper mills are having remarkable success peddling tens of thousands of bogus academic journal papers and authorships to university and medical researchers seeking to pad their resumes in highly competitive fields.
Science, Policy, and Evidence
EXCLUSIVE: Biden Admin Streamlined Path For Offshore Wind Boondoggles Despite Internal Red Flags
One of her greatest tests was the British coal strike of 1984-85, which was broken after a year. Electricity generation and distribution were privatized in 1990, and the coal industry, which had been nationalized back in 1946, soon followed in the new light of the free market.
But in the process, Margaret Thatcher jumped too quickly on the climate issue for short-run gain. The good news is that she quickly and completely corrected herself. She got "mugged by reality," as they say.
As the planet warms, more of our mountain precipitation will fall as rain rather than snow, but reservoir systems, such as the Yakima's, can store the water no matter how it gets into the river.
It might be wise to expand regional reservoirs to save more winter rain.
Link to report: Flood and coastal erosion risk management report: 1 April 2024 to 31 March 2025
By Staff, Environment Agency, Sep 19, 2025
From Homewood: The Environment Agency have now confirmed that an estimated 3200 properties were flooded in England in the 12 months to March 2025. (This figure only applies to major events, as they do not collate data for all incidents)
Their previous annual reports clearly no show no worsening trend, despite their annual extreme weather propaganda.
One interesting piece of information is that only 3500 properties are at risk of coastal erosion by 2055.
I realize this is not a nice problem to face for those who live there, but the number really is tiny on the overall view of things, given some of the hysterical reporting in the media.
North Dakota tornado was the first at EF5 strength in a dozen years
A Wooden Stake To Alarmist Claims Europe's Pre-Industrial Climate Was Stable
By P Gosselin, No Tricks Zone, Oct 8, 2025
The Romanian authors reveal from an analysis of historical documents that reconstructed the 16th-century climate of Transylvania that there was a pattern of intense extreme weather events. There were frequent and intense heat waves and droughts in the first half of the century, contrasting with the climate in Western Europe.
Link to one paper: Global warming drives a threefold increase in persistence and 1 °C rise in intensity of marine heatwaves
By Marta Marcos, et al., PNAS, Apr 14, 2025
Marine heatwaves modulate food webs and carbon transport processes
By Mariana B. Bif, et al., Nature Communications, Oct 6, 2025 [H/t Bernie Kepshire]
Some 9-15% of the annual run-off from the Greenland ice sheet predicted by climate models runs not off. It is retained on the ice surface and refreezes. Which again also means a large amount of solar energy is taken up melting water that doesn't leave but instead refreezes in place.
Agriculture Issues & Fear of Famine
Together, power plants and greenhouses can feed humanity
By Ronald Stein P.E. and Sid Abma, America Outloud News, Oct 6, 2025
As the technical blurb indicates, nobody would have know Karen was there had it not been for multiple satellite images.
Moreover, NOAA only officially began naming subtropical storms in 2002, thus artificially increasing the number of named storms. They can also potentially get included in ACE statistics.
Met Office Deletes Huge Chunks of Historic Temperature Data After Fabrication Claims
By Chris Morrison, The Daily Sceptic, Oct 5, 2025
Met Office Reputation Sinks To New Low, As Outright Lie Is Exposed
Communicating Better to the Public - Use Yellow (Green) Journalism?
It's an important lesson to remember when the journalists are banging the alarmist drum. Will the same ones report on it when the next study comes out and says something different? Sometimes we actually wish journalists would learn to #HaveItBothWays.
Time [Mag]: When will Companies Notice the Cost of Climate Change?
Electricity generation, capacity, and sales in the United States
By Staff, EIA, Accessed Oct 10, 2025
From Homewood: Currently the grid can just about cope, but extra demand from datacentres can only be met by a rapid and massive rollout of new gas power stations around the country.
[SEPP Comment: AEP is columnist Ambrose Evans-Prichard for the UK Telegraph.]
Just as in the UK though, solar farm productivity plummets in winter months.
Whereas it produces at around 20% of its capacity all year round, In January this year, the figure fell to 10%.
[AEP is columnist Ambrose Evans-Prichard, Homewood provides graph of US electricity generation in January with solar generating far less than coal.]
Communicating Better to the Public - Exaggerate, or be Vague?
Experts sound alarm after Antarctica air temperature record broken by 60 degrees: 'Unexpected'
"It's not sudden in the sense we would commonly use."
By Timothy McGill, The Cool Down (TCD) Oct 1, 2025 [H/t Bernie Kepshire]
[SEPP Comment: No link to a paper. Another air-head report from TCD. The "sudden" warming occurred in the stratosphere, which warms with higher altitude from about 20 to 50 km (from increasing Ozone created by solar ultraviolet radiation). This is unlike the Troposphere (the lower atmosphere from about 0 to 10 km), which generally cools with higher altitude. But thermal inversions are not uncommon.]
The Earth Is Getting Darker. That's Not Good News.
By Darren Orf, Popular Mechanics, Oct 9, 2025 [H/t John Kwapisz]
From article: While the distance between these radiation budgets slowly grows (by about 0.34 watts per square meter per decade), the differences will be enough to significantly impact climate models and skew our view of the planet's future. Hopefully, with time and ample innovation, we'll find a way to get these radiation budgets back on track.
[SEPP Comment: The climate models are incapable of forecasting climate, so what is skewing - continued errors? We simply don't know clouds at all!]
Communicating Better to the Public - Go Personal.
CLIMATE CRITICS POUNCE! How the Media Turned "Questioning a UN Bureaucrat" Into a Hate Crime Against Science
By Charles Rotter, WUWT, Oct 9, 2025
Apparently, Roger Pielke Jr. -- a political scientist with the unfortunate habit of reading data instead of chanting slogans -- wrote an op-ed questioning whether Dr. Friederike Otto, an activist who co-founded World Weather Attribution, might not be the most neutral person to help lead the next United Nations climate report. Otto's research, you see, keeps showing up in lawsuits against the oil and gas industry. Big ones. The kind of lawsuits where the legal fees could buy an entire Tesla fleet and still leave room for a virtue-signaling dinner at Davos.
Communicating Better to the Public - Use Propaganda
And how exactly will building windmills make it rain? It is prudent to beware the experts who say, and the journalists who say they say, and the "studies" that show what the journalists say that the experts say, and above all it is vital to beware the passive voice, in journalism as in life generally.
From abstract: Actions on food systems strongly impact the lives and wellbeing of all and are necessary to progress towards goals highlighted in the Sustainable Development Goals, the Paris Agreement, and the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. Although current food systems have largely kept pace with population growth, ensuring sufficient caloric intake for many, they are the single most influential driver of planetary boundary transgression. [Boldface added]
From Briggs: Science is not the answer. It cannot be "because Science" that you ought to give up meat. Which Harvard scientists want you to do in the name of "justice". And, of course, to save the planet. Which is in no danger and does not need saving.
Justice is not a concept in Science. Science is forever mute on justice. Or fairness. Or equity or Equality.
Net Zero 'Lies' Exposed | Keir Starmer's Promises Undermined
Green Energy's High Price: Wind Farms Are Ravaging Nature, Biodiversity
Japan's Green Energy Failures Serve as a Warning to the US: Don't Fall for the Climate Agenda
By Yoshihiro Muronaka, CO2 Coalition, Oct 6, 2025
https://co2coalition.org/2025/10/06/https-www-westernjournal-com-japans-green-energy-failures-serve-warning-us-dont-fall-climate-agenda/
Offshore wind's LCOE is around 12-16 ¢/kWh, but when the full cost of electricity (FCOE) is considered, it rises to 20-30 ¢/kWh. Nuclear and gas remain much lower, at roughly 12-14 ¢/kWh and 10-12 ¢/kWh, respectively.
Globally, however, floating wind remains at the developmental stage. Norway's Hywind Scotland and France's Provence Grand Large provide valuable data, but their costs remain far higher than fixed-bottom projects. Commercial viability has not yet been proven. Betting on floating wind as a "game-changer" risks repeating the same error: political enthusiasm without economic grounding.
For policymakers worldwide, Japan's case should not be seen as an embarrassment, but as a warning and an opportunity: Energy transitions must be guided by facts, not hopes, if they are to be sustainable.
Aussie Green Wall Cracks: Queensland Commits to Reliable Coal until 2046
"Queenslanders should not be penalized over unscientific decisions down south that favor ideology over economics and engineering," he said.
"We don't have the pipeline capacity to keep bailing out Victoria's bad decisions. The solution to the southern state gas crisis is for the southern states to develop their gas reserves. We're not asking them to do anything we haven't done ourselves."
From Worrall: There is no guarantee the new 2046 target will stick - the 2035 target could be restored by a future Queensland administration. And anyone seeking to invest in coal would also have to contend with our radical green federal government.
As for Carney's end of the supposed bargain, Parliament just voted to retain the "oil and gas emissions cap" while subsidies pour into failed alternatives. Oh, and BTW the bureaucracy continues to insist that that oil and gas cap will have "very minimal impact" on the energy industry but a massive impact on emissions. But they would, wouldn't they?"
Green Jobs
Utility-scale Solar: The Grim News Begins (Blue Ridge "wind-down')
By Robert Bradley Jr., Master Resource, Oct 9, 2025
Solar as grid electricity is a government-created industry. It would not exist without the large tax credits that began with the 10 percent ITC in 1978, which was extended six times (1980, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991). Then came the 30 percent credit in the Energy Policy Act of 1992, itself extended seven times (2006, 2008, 2009, 2016, 2018, 2019, and 2022).
That's a total of thirteen extensions if you are counting. So much for an 'infant' industry, which was not infant to begin with.
However, just as I was about to despair of any change in their apparently dogmatic position, along came a Unite official, Cliff Bowen, who represents 35,000 oil and gas workers. In a speech to the Labour Conference, he announced that 'Unite will no longer accept decarbonisation by deindustrialisation'.
"NZBA votes to cease all operations, abandon membership model," reported ESG Dive. Lamar Johnson summarized:
Zeroing Out Taxpayer Funded Climate Propaganda
Coalition that runs premier climate modeling center faces rising costs and budget uncertainty
By Staff, AAAS Science, Oct 2, 2025
From AAAS Science: The university consortium that runs the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), one of the world's leading climate research centers, last week laid off 29 employees and decided not to fill 21 vacant positions.
NCAR develops and runs advanced climate and weather models, including the well-regarded Community Earth System Model. These simulations often require supercomputers, like the one NCAR jointly operates with the University of Wyoming in Cheyenne.
[SEPP Comment: NCAR does not bother testing its climate model against physical evidence of atmospheric warming. Further, its databases do not consider past cold periods.]
The Political Games Continue
Will The Green Tory Blob Allow Kemi To Cancel Net Zero?
By Paul Homewood, Not a Lot of People Know That, Oct 4, 2025
[Leader of the Conservative Party] Kemi Badenoch has now confirmed that she will scrap the Climate Change Act, along with its Net Zero targets.
Is Kemi Badenoch's pledge to abolish Net Zero all it seems?
These costs have been deliberately kept hidden from voters for years. But they are essential if we are to have a rational debate about climate policy.
These revelations will be hugely embarrassing for the Tories, as most of them are the direct consequence Conservative Government policy since the Cameron era.
The suspicion, which I raised before, is that we will still get Net Zero under Kemi Badenoch, but just by another name.
Boris Johnson admits Net Zero is unworkable, and he "got carried away"
By Jo Nova, Her Blog, Oct 7, 2025
So what do we make of his avid fanatical support for Net Zero in late 2022?
Coutinho Promises To Abolish Carbon Tax and ROC Subsidies
By Paul Homewood, Not a Lot of People Know That, Oct 9, 2025
Claire Coutinho is a UK politician and former investment banker who has been Shadow Secretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero since 2024.
Litigation Issues
Judge rules Biden administration went too far by indefinitely blocking new drilling off large portion of US coast
By Rackel Frazin, The Hill, Oct 3, 2025
Climate Lawfare Threatens National Energy Policy
By Kristen Walker, Real Clear Energy, Oct 9,2025
Greenies Wage War With Trump Admin Over Biden Solar Program
By Audrey Streb, Daily Caller, Oct 6, 2025
In Debate Over Solar Energy, Don't Cancel Property Rights for Farmers
By Greg Brophy, Real Clear Energy, Oct 9, 2025
Corporations, Too, Can Be Slandered: The Roundup Story
By Barbara Pfeffer Billauer JD, ACSH, Sep 30, 2025
Link to: IARC Monographs Volume 112: evaluation of five organophosphate insecticides and herbicides.
By Staff, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Mar 20, 2015
From the article: Stare decisis is the legal principle assuring that courts follow established precedents (prior decisions) when ruling on similar cases. Its purpose is to promote consistency, predictability, and integrity in the legal system. The principle works when cases are brought within the same jurisdiction. Still, courts are not bound by rulings from other states, and state courts are not bound by many federal court rulings, contributing to a hodgepodge of conflicting verdicts.
These results have important implications because I believe that they represent systemic issues with the cap-and-dividend emission reduction approach. Unfortunately, I don't think that RGGI will fail before others, including New York State, try to implement similar schemes based on the "successful" RGGI model.
[SEPP Comment: A carbon tax and spend scheme with little benefit.]
Subsidies and Mandates Forever
Federal EV Credit Out, Leaving Blue State Subsidies
Britain Now Fully Dependent On Imports To Avoid Winter Blackouts
By Paul Homewood, Not a Lot of People Know That, Oct 9, 2025
Even with their assumptions, we will still be fully reliant on 6.9 GW of interconnector capacity.
Of course, what Sky [news] forgot to tell you is that the grid is dependent on 36 GW of gas power capacity, without which we would have no electricity supply at all.
Kathryn Porter mentioned claims that renewables were now supplying more electricity than coal on a worldwide basis.
As she pointed out, the claim originated with Ember, the renewable lobby outfit who claimed that Labour's energy plans would reduce bills by £300! Hardly trustworthy then!
Nevertheless, if you include hydro and burning trees in "renewables", renewable and coal generation have been neck and neck for a while:
Buy Electrons Before Bytes: A Practical Plan to Power the AI Boom
By Theodor Engøy, Real Clear Energy, Oct 6, 2025
Start with a simple rule: buy electrons before bytes. Match each gigawatt of new data‑center load to contracted, firm low‑carbon generation (nuclear, hydro, geothermal, gas with CCS where credible) plus storage and specific transmission upgrades.
[SEPP Comment: The writer is from Norway which is one of the few places that have excess hydro. Iceland has excess geothermal, CCS has not been demonstrated as practical anywhere except for extracting more oil.]
By Staff, European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E), Oct 3, 2025
From Homewood: Nevertheless, there are some relevant takeaways from the report.
First of all, the system operator RE decided during the morning of the blackout that a gas power plant, Thermal 5-Centre/South West, which had been operating overnight was not needed that day:
Again, this gives the lie to the claim about gas plants. RE left it far too late to order the CCGT up, as it takes 90 minutes to fire up.
I cannot find anything in the report about what actually caused the oscillations. But it seems abundantly clear that RE deliberately ran gas power to dangerously low levels, presumably because the system was overloaded with solar power.
RE then compounded matters by reacting far too late.
Energy Issues - Australia
Chickens coming home: Energy prices are now the biggest single concern of business in Australia
By Jo Nova, Her Blog, Oct 4, 2025
It was always going to happen, as long as the Minister for Weather was determined to control Pacific Decadal Oscillations with windmills. Everyone would be happy-happy until the bill arrived.
Volunteers make map of Australian renewables projects that CSIRO, AEMO, AER, CEFC, CCA or Dept of Env. forgot to...
By Jo Nova, Her Blog, Oct 9, 2025
From the press release: The Truth Map totals include:
31,000 wind turbine towers -- six times the current national number to be replaced every 15-20 years, operating 30% - 40% of the time.
28,000 km of high-voltage transmission lines -- longer than [half] a lap around the equator*.
7,800 km of undersea cabling -- cutting through fragile marine habitats.
44,000 km of new haulage roads -- longer than Australia's coastline.
350-550 million solar grid panels covering 443,755 hectares -- an area larger than metropolitan Sydney to be replaced every 25 years, operating 18% - 25% of the time.
$1.38 trillion in total costs -- overwhelmingly subsidized by taxpayers.
Energy Issues -- US
Thank You for Choosing Reliability: An ACC Op-Ed on DOE's Investment and DOI's Action
By Emily Arthun, President & CEO American Coal Council, Oct 3, 2025
The American Coal Council believes in an "all-that-works" strategy that earns its keep. Coal has carried the baseload for generations because it is engineered to do so -- because it is stockpiled on site, resistant to weather shocks, and dispatchable when it counts. That truth does not erase other sources; it anchors them.
New England's final coal plant shuts down years ahead of schedule
Poor economics drove the aging New Hampshire plant offline three years early, even as the Trump administration pushes to revitalize coal.
By Sarah Shemkus, Canary Media, Oct 7, 2025
The closure of the New Hampshire facility paves the way for its owner to press ahead with an initiative to transform the site into a clean energy complex including solar panels and battery storage systems.
[SEPP Comment: Solar plus batteries will power New Hampshire in December and January when daylight is only 8 to 9 hours long and nights are cold?]
Trump reloads an 'America First' energy agenda while reasserting sound science
By Kevin Mooney, CFACT, Oct 9, 2025
EPA Extends Steam-Electric Wastewater Deadlines to 2034, Citing Grid Reliability and Rising Power Demand
By Sonal Patel, Power Mag, Oct 8, 2025
The EPA's concerns about reliability, while outside its statutory mission to safeguard public health and maintain environmental quality, appears to be rooted in its coordination under the December 2024 EPA-DOE Memorandum of Understanding on Electric Reliability
[SEPP Comment: In a modern society electrical reliability is critical for public health and environmental quality. Try to run water and sewer treatment plants without reliable electricity! Want to ride an elevator powered by wind?]
Entergy Will Power $4-Billion Google Data Center in Arkansas
By Darrell Proctor, Power Mag, Oct 3, 2025
The contract between Google and Entergy Arkansas for the data center project, which [CEO] Landreaux said would run "for decades," includes investment in Cypress Solar, a 600-MW solar power and 350-MW battery energy storage facility near Pine Bluff in Jefferson County that will be built by Entergy Arkansas. Officials said that while Google has invested in other U.S. solar farms through power purchase agreements, this would be the first time the company's investment would be used to support construction.
Google in late September applied for an air quality and emissions permit from the Arkansas Division of Environmental Quality for the West Memphis project. The company has said that permit would be to allow for the use of backup power generation, which would only be used in "the rare and unlikely event that the grid goes down. [Boldface added]
[SEPP Comment: How frequently will these rare and unlikely solar failures occur? Every night?]
Investor-Owned Utilities to Spend $1.1T in Grid Boost as Power Demand Spirals
By Sonal Patel, Power Mag, Oct 9, 2025
Link to: 2024 Financial Review: Annual Report of the U.S. Investor-Owned Electric Utility Industry
From Power Mag: U.S. Electric Utility and Non-Utility Capacity Additions and Retirements, 2020-2029. Nearly 91 GW of new capacity was under construction as of early 2025, with another 488 GW proposed through 2029, dominated by solar (216 GW), energy storage (152 GW), and wind (63 GW) projects, according to EEI's Financial Review 2024. Over the same period, 112.6 GW of generation is slated for retirement, including 55.9 GW of coal, 37.4 GW of natural gas, and 1.8 GW of nuclear, highlighting the dual challenge of system expansion and turnover now reshaping the grid. Courtesy: Edison Electric Institute, Financial Review 2024 (April 2025).
[SEPP Comment: What is smart, strong, and secure about part-time power?]
John Roth is head of government affairs and policy at Bloom Energy, a provider of Carbon Capture and other politically popular schemes including Fuel Cell manufacturing in Delaware.
Return of King Coal?
India Invests in More Coal-Fired Power to Support Increased Need for Electricity
By Darrell Proctor, Power Mag, Oct 8, 2025
Regional areas of India are withdrawing incentives for renewable energy projects and instead signing long-term contracts to buy more coal-fired power generation.
Wind and solar and other politically correct, economically incorrect energies and technologies are not per se good. They are really a per se bad if the market rejects and government enables. And wind and solar have environmental issues that are opposed at the grassroots by the on-the-spot landowners and ecologists.
Solar energy is now the world's cheapest source of power, study finds
Press Release by University of Surrey, Oct 6, 2025 [H/t Bernie Kepshrie]
Link to paper: Solar Energy in 2025: Global Deployment, Cost Trends, and the Role of Energy Storage in Enabling a Resilient Smart Energy Infrastructure
By Ehsan Rezaee and S. Ravi P. Silva, Authorea, Aug 29, 2025
Solar energy is now so cost-effective that, in the sunniest countries, it costs as little as £0.02 to produce one unit of power, making it cheaper than electricity generated from coal, gas or wind, according to a new study from the University of Surrey.
[SEPP Comment: How much does solar energy cost at night? The data sources are highly questionable and lowering costs of storage systems does not mean low-cost storage systems.]
Solar and wind power has grown faster than electricity demand this year, report says
Solar and wind outpaced demand growth in the first half of 2025, as renewables overtook coal's share in the global electricity mix.
By Malgorzata Wiatros-Motyka, et al., Ember, Oct 7, 2025
[SEPP Comment: The executive summary and the conclusion do not discuss the role of government subsidies and mandates or the costs of making solar and wind reliable.]
Wind, Solar Projects Can Stick Taxpayers With the Tab Coming and Going
Buildings are turning to 'ice batteries' for sustainable air conditioning
By Isabella O'Malley, AP, Oct 8, 2025
Expert says only 5% of people on the "cheaper battery scheme" are sharing it in a Virtual Power Plant
By Jo Nova, Her Blog, Oct 8, 2025
It looks like consumers won't save the Australian grid by spending thousands to buy the batteries the government can't afford.
Alternative, Green ("Clean") Vehicles
ANOTHER Mercedes EV fire in an UNDERGROUND carpark
By Paul Homewood, Not a Lot of People Know That, Oct 6, 2025
Video reading reports: 19 Fire trucks, 57 firefighters dispatched to the fire in South Korea
Carbon Schemes
Scientists seek to turbocharge a natural process that cools the Earth
Terradot, a carbon removal company, is using "enhanced rock weathering" to sequester carbon by spreading crushed volcanic rock over farmland.
By Kate Selig, The Washington Post, Oct 8, 2025 {H/t Bernie Kepshire]
The company, Terradot, is spreading tons of volcanic rock crushed into a fine dust over land where soybeans, sugar cane and other crops are grown. As rain percolates through the soil, chemical reactions pull carbon from the air and convert it into bicarbonate ions that eventually wash into the ocean, where the carbon remains stored.
The claims made by enhanced rock weathering start-ups have drawn some skepticism from researchers who say they want to see data and peer-reviewed research supporting them. Terradot said it will publish its data as part of the carbon-crediting process after the credits are delivered.
Fendorf, the Stanford professor, said the instinct for scientific caution is understandable, but the urgency of climate change requires a different mindset, one that he has needed to adopt after several decades in academia. [Boldface added]
As usual, the profile in courage who run universities leave us uncertain as to whether they found even a single vertebra:
"Provost John Jackson Jr. told The Daily Pennsylvanian that Mann was neither fired nor 'driven out' of the position. 'I think his position has been that it's more and more difficult for him to do the kind of public intellectual work he wants to do while also being a University administrator at an institution that says we pride ourselves on institutional neutrality,' Jackson added."
Environmental Industry
Ex Greenpeace Head: Climate Catastrophe will Drive Clean Energy Despite Trump
Nobel Prize in chemistry goes to discovery that could trap C02 and bring water to deserts
By Malenkov, Dazio, and Larson, AP, Oct 8, 2025
Link to press release: Their molecular architecture contains rooms for chemistry
By Staff, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Oct 8, 2025
From article: The scientists were able to devise stable atomic structures that preserved holes of specific sizes that allowed gas or liquid to flow in and out. The holes can be customized to match the size of specific molecules that scientists or engineers want to hold in place, such as water, carbon dioxide or methane.
[SEPP Comment: Will the Prize trigger demands for huge subsidies to capture CO2?]
Other News that May Be of Interest
Sparks between microscopic bubbles could explain the ghostly, glowing will-o'-the-wisps, study finds
By Mindy Weisberger, CNN, Oct 8,2025
Link to paper: Unveiling ignis fatuus: Microlightning between microbubbles
STOP BREATHING, ASTHMATICS: CNN Rails Against 'Climate Pollution from Inhalers' - 'Substantial contributors to planet-warming pollution'
By Admin, Climate Depot, Oct 8, 2025
Link to paper: Inhaler-Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the US A Serial Cross-Sectional Analysis
By William B. Feldman, MD, et al., JAMA, Oct 6, 2025
From paper: Findings: Inhalers approved for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease generated an estimated 24.9 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions in the US from 2014 to 2024, 98% of which were from metered-dose inhalers. The estimated social costs of emissions were $5.7 billion (lower bound, $3.5 billion; upper bound, $10.0 billion).
[SEPP Comment: Climate Depot lists other headline reports of the climate dangers caused by human health care.]
It's an emergency, the [UK] Defence Industry wants to get some climate-money too. Send Fear and Brimstone!
By Jo Nova, Her Blog, Oct 10, 2025
This same nation which once repelled the Luftwaffe, cracked the Enigma code, and supplied half the world with coal and steel, now stands imperiled by a mild change in the weather.
Imagine having too much sunshine -- It's just not British!
Inside Climate News is excited that "The Philippines has designated more than 200 square miles of its coastal waters as a national protected area to safeguard some of the world's most climate resilient coral reefs." Um Philippine dudes, if you're worried about climate and coral, wouldn't it make sense to safeguard the least resilient? Not the ones that actually like warmth, that flourish in the tropics not temperate or polar zones and evolved in a warmer world, because they don't need help in the face of warmth. Oh wait. That's pretty much all corals, isn't it? After all, Newfoundland isn't a coral paradise.
Climate Barbie's New Book on Why Her Big Idea was Cancelled,
The government should stop funding the National Academies' climate studies until they shed the political conformity.
By Steven E. Koonin, WSJ, Oct. 6, 2025
TWTW Summary: The main part is presented in the This Week section above.